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In 1983, Microsoft announced the development of a graphical interface for its operating system, MS-DOS that had been made for the IBM PC system and compatible since 1981.



Windows 1.0
The first version of Microsoft Windows, called Windows 1.0, was released on November 20, 1985. This version has many flaws in some functionality, making it less popular in the market. Initially Windows version 1.0 was to be called Interface Manager, but Rowland Hanson, head of marketing at Microsoft Corporation, assured Microsoft officials that the name "Windows" would be more "enticing" consumers. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system, but only extends the capabilities of MS-DOS with the addition of a graphical interface. In addition, Windows 1.0 also has the same problems and weaknesses that are owned by MS-DOS.
Furthermore, Apple which sued Microsoft made Microsoft limit its capabilities. For example, windows in Windows 1.0 can only be displayed on the screen "tile" only, so that the window cannot overlap with each other. In addition, there is no sort of place to store files before they are deleted (Recycle Bin), because Apple believes that they have rights to the paradigm. Microsoft then discarded the limitation from Windows by signing a licensing agreement with Apple. that's windows now that there is always an upgrade to upgrade





Windows 2.x
Windows version 2 also appeared later on December 9, 1987, and became a little more popular compared to its predecessor. Most of the popularity gained because of its proximity to Microsoft graphics applications, Microsoft Excel for Windows and Microsoft Word for Windows. Windows applications can be run from MS-DOS, then enter Windows to do the operation, and will come out automatically when the application is closed.
Microsoft Windows finally gained a significant increase when Aldus PageMaker appeared in the version for Windows, which previously could only run on Macintosh. Some computer historians note this as the emergence of an application that sold significantly other than made by Microsoft as the beginning of the success of Microsoft Windows.
Windows version 2.0x uses the real mode memory model, which is only able to access memory up to 1 megabyte. In such a configuration, Windows can run other multitasking applications, such as DESQview, which run in protected mode offered by Resi Kiswanto Intel 80286.



Windows 3.0
Microsoft Windows finally achieved very significant success when stepping on version 3.0 which was released in 1990. Besides offering increased capabilities for Windows applications, Windows 3.0 is also able to allow users to run multiple MS-DOS applications simultaneously (multitasking), because indeed in this version virtual memory has been introduced. This version also made the IBM PC and the compatibility of serious challengers to Apple Macintosh. This is due to an increase in graphics processing performance at that time (with the Video Graphics Array (VGA) graphics card, and also the 386 Enhanced mode / protected mode that allows Windows applications to use more memory in a way that is easier than what offered by MS-DOS.
Windows 3.0 can run in three modes, namely real mode, standard mode, and 386 Enhanced mode, and is compatible with Intel family processors from Intel 8086/8088, 80286, to 80386. Windows 3.0 will try to detect which mode will used, even if the user can force Windows to work in certain modes by using certain switches when running it win / r: forces Windows to run in real mode win / s: forces Windows to run in standard mode win / 3: force Windows to run in 386 Enhanced mode. Version 3.0 is also the first version of Windows that runs in protected mode, although the 386 enhanced mode kernel is an enhanced kernel version of the protected kernel mode in Windows / 386.
Windows 3.0 is also present in the "multimedia" version, which is called Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions 1.0, which was released a few months later. This version is bundled with the existence of a "multimedia upgrade kit", which consists of a CD-ROM drive and a sound card, as well as the Creative Labs Sound Blaster Pro. This version is a precursor to all multimedia features found in later versions of Windows, such as Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups, and is part of the Microsoft Multimedia PC specification.
Because of the backward compatibility feature, the Windows 3.0 application must be compiled using a 16-bit environment, so that it doesn't use the Intel 80386 microprocessor's capabilities, which is actually a 32-bit processor.
The features mentioned above and the growing support of the application software market make Windows 3.0 very successful on the market. Noted, in two years before the release of the Windows 3.1 version, Windows 3.0 sold 10 million copies. Finally, Windows 3.0 became a major source of Microsoft revenue, and made Microsoft to revise some of its original plans.



After Windows 3.11, Microsoft began to start developing a user-oriented version of Windows codenamed Chicago. Chicago was designed to have support for 32-bit pre-emptive multitasking as well as those in OS / 2 and Windows NT, although the 16-bit kernel is still there for reasons of backward compatibility. The Win32 API, which was first introduced in Windows NT, was adopted as a standard 32-bit based programming interface, with Win16 compatibility also maintained using a technique called "thunking". The new GUI is also owned by the operating system, although at first Microsoft did not plan it as part of the operating system when it was released. Indeed, some user interface elements that are owned by Cairo are borrowed and added to the operating system as other aspects of that version (specifically the Plug and Play feature).
Microsoft does not replace all Windows code to 32-bit; many parts in it are still 16-bit (even though they don't use real mode directly), for reasons of backward compatibility, performance and development time. This and the fact that there are many weaknesses in the design of previous versions of Windows, make the new operating system disrupted by efficiency and stability.
Finally, Microsoft's marketing department used the name Windows 95 as the product name for Chicago, when it was released on August 24, 1995. Microsoft had two advantages from this launch: 1) it was impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on DOS operating systems not made by Microsoft much cheaper. 2) although DOS traces have never been removed from the operating system, even the version plugs in a DOS version to load as part of the boot process, Windows 95 runs itself in 386 Enhanced mode, using virtual memory and flat memory addressing models 32-bit. These features make the Win32 application address as much as 2 gigabytes of virtual RAM (with the remaining 2 gigabytes reserved for the operating system), and in theory prevent the application from interrupting the memory space owned by other Win32 applications without the approval of the operating system. In this case, the functionality of Windows 95 is close to that of Windows NT, although Windows 95/98 / Me does not support more than 512 megabytes of memory without editing a troublesome system configuration.



Behind the success of Microsoft, IBM continued the OS / 2 market, by producing OS / 2 version 3.0 and OS / 2 Warp (version 4.0). IBM responded to complaints raised by consumers regarding the need for high computer hardware requested by OS / 2 version 2.0, OS / 2 version 3.0 was made much more streamlined by optimizing size and speed. Before Windows 95 was released, OS / 2 Warp 3.0 was even bundled in several major hardware providers in Germany. However, with the release of Windows 95, OS / 2 again lost its market share, taken over by Windows 95.
It might not be possible to find out what is the reason why OS / 2 failed to gain a large market share. Although OS / 2 continues to run Windows 3.1 applications, there are actually no shortcomings anymore, except for a small portion of the Windows API called Win32s. Unlike Windows 3.1, IBM does not have access to the Windows 95 source code and does not want to use the time and resources to emulate the Win32 API. IBM also introduced OS / 2 in the case of the United States versus Microsoft, blaming marketing tactics on the Microsoft part, but many people might agree that it was the problem in the IBM marketing department and its lack of support from software developers that caused OS failures / 2.
Before replacing it with the new version of Windows, Microsoft released Windows 95 in five different versions, namely as follows: Windows 95 - the actual release of Windows 95 Windows 95 A - includes updates to Windows 95 Original Service Release 1 (OSR1) that are entered directly into the installation. Windows 95 B - includes several other major updates, such as the FAT32 file system, and Internet Explorer 3.0. This version is also known as Windows 95 OSR2, or many people in Indonesia call it Windows 97. Windows 95 B USB - or Windows 95 OSR2.1 is a version of Windows 95 that offers support for hardware based on Universal Serial Bus / USB buses.
In addition to the features contained in Windows 95, Microsoft also introduced Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 which includes some additional features that Windows 95 does not have.
Windows 95 C - or Windows 95 OSR2.5 includes all of the above features, plus Internet Explorer 4.0. This version is the most recently released version of the Windows 95 series. Windows 95 OSR2, OSR2.1 and OSR2.5 are not released to the public, but only to OEMs who want to use the operating system on their computers. Some OEM companies even sell new hard disks with the Windows 95 OSR2 operating system in them.





Microsoft released Windows NT 4.0, as the successor to Windows NT 3.x which successfully threatened the dominance of Novell Netware and UNIX in the corporate market. Windows NT 4.0 was originally developed as part of an effort to introduce Windows NT to the workstation market. NT 4.0 has the same interface as Windows 95, but uses the same kernel as Windows NT, making it more stable. Indeed, there is an additional patch available for Windows NT 3.51 that is able to make NT 3.51 look like NT 4.0, but is very unstable and has many bugs. The user interface was originally developed over Windows NT, but because Windows 95 was released before NT 4.0, people tend to think "Windows NT 4.0 is a copy of Windows 95."
Windows NT 4.0 comes in four versions: Windows NT 4.0 Workstation Windows NT 4.0 Server Windows NT 4.0 Server, Enterprise Edition (which includes support for clustering and SMP up to 8-way)
Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server





Windows 98 :


On June 25, 1998, Microsoft released a new Windows operating system, known as Windows 98. Windows 98 is considered a minor revision of Windows 95, but in general it is seen as much more stable and reliable compared to its predecessor, Windows 95. Windows 98 includes many new hardware drivers and better FAT32 file system support that allows partitions to have capacities greater than 2 gigabytes, a limitation found in Windows 95. USB support in Windows 98 is also much better than its predecessor.
Windows 98 invites controversy when Microsoft enters the Microsoft Internet Explorer web browser into the operating system and cannot be revoked, making Windows Explorer and the Windows GUI capable of displaying directories as if they were web pages. This opened up a new case, called the United States versus Microsoft, which asked why Microsoft bothered to maintain its dominance in the personal computer operating system to compete with rivals such as Netscape and IBM in an dishonest manner.
In 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, a release that offered many improvements over the previous version. Internet Connection Sharing, which is a form of Network Address Translation, which allows several machines on a local network to be able to use one internet connection point together to be introduced in this version. Many minor problems in the old Windows have been corrected, which makes Windows 98 according to many as the most stable version of Windows 9x among all other versions of Windows 9x.



Windows 2000
The logo used by Microsoft Windows during 2000
Windows 2000 desktop display
Microsoft released Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000, a version previously known as Windows NT 5.0 or "NT 5.0". The Windows 2000 version is intended for two market segments, namely workstation market share and server market share.
Among the most significant features of Windows 2000 are Active Directory, a replacement network model for the NT network domain model, which uses technologies that are industry standards, such as Domain Name Systems (DNS), Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), and Kerberos to connecting between a machine to another machine. Windows Terminal Services too, which in Windows NT 4.0 only exists in one product, in Windows 2000 is available on all server versions. New features adopted from Windows 98 are also embedded in it, such as enhanced Device Manager (using the Microsoft Management Console), Windows Media Player, and DirectX 6.1 (which allows Windows NT kernel-based operating systems to run games). Windows 2000 is also the latest version of Windows NT based kernel which does not require users to activate it.
Although Windows 2000 can update computers that were previously running Windows 98, Windows 2000 is not considered a suitable product for home users. The reasons are many, including the lack of device drivers for many user devices such as scanners and printers, when released. The situation finally turned around when Windows XP was released by Microsoft. Windows 2000 is available in six editions, namely: Windows 2000 Professional Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Limited Edition
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Limited Edition





Windows Me
Display of Windows Millennium Edition screenshots
Windows Me logo
In September 2000, Microsoft introduced Windows Millennium Edition (also known as Windows Me or Windows ME). This version updates Windows 98 with better multimedia and Internet support. This version also includes the "System Restore," feature that allows users to restore the system to a point that is known to be fine, when the operating system fails. System Restore is a feature that is still maintained in Windows XP. This version also introduced the first version of Windows Movie Maker.
Windows Me was created in a short time, about only one year, which was intended only to fill the void of releases between Windows 98 and Windows XP as the operating system for the home class. The features found in Windows Me (such as Internet Explorer 5.5, Windows Media Player 7.0, and Microsoft DirectX 7.1) can even be obtained for free from the Windows Update site, except System Restore. As a result, Windows Me was not considered a unique operating system among its siblings from the Windows 9x, Windows 95 and Windows 98 families. Windows Me was also criticized for its stability problems, and also support for MS-DOS that was running in mode real. People even call Windows Me as Windows Mistake Edition.
Windows Me is the last operating system based on the Windows 9x and MS-DOS monolithic kernels. This version is also the latest version of the Windows operating system that does not have Windows Product Activation (WPA).




Windows XP: brings together the two product lines
The Microsoft Windows logo was redesigned by Microsoft when it released Windows XP, which was used until December 4, 2006
The Windows XP display shows the Sample Pictures, Sample Music, and Control Panel folders, with the Luna theme and Bliss desktop.
In 2001, Microsoft introduced Windows XP (which has the code name "Whistler" during development). Finally, after releasing several versions of Windows based on Windows 9x and NT, Microsoft managed to unite the two product lines. Windows XP uses the Windows NT 5.1 kernel, making the Windows NT kernel famous for its stability into the home consumer market, to replace the aging 16/32-bit Windows 9x product.
Windows XP is the oldest version of the Windows operating system (at least until now), because it ranges from 2001 to 2007, when Windows Vista was released to consumers. The ranks of the Windows XP operating system were finally forwarded by Windows Vista on January 30, 2007.


Windows XP is available in several versions:

Windows XP Home Edition, which is intended for the home desktop and laptop market.
Windows XP Home Edition N, just like the usual Home Edition, but does not have Windows Media Player, because indeed EU regulations do not allow it.
Windows XP Professional, which is intended for power users and business people.
Windows XP Professional N, like Professional Edition, but does not have Windows Media Player, because European Union regulations do not allow it.
Windows XP Media Center Edition (MCE), released in November 2002, is a Windows XP Home Edition intended for desktops and laptops with an emphasis on home entertainment.
Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003
Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004
Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005, which was released on October 12, 2004.
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, intended for Tablet PCs (PCs with touch screens)
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005
Windows XP Embedded, which is intended for embedded systems (embedded systems)
Windows XP Starter Edition, which is intended for computer users in several developing countries.
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, which was released on April 25, 2005 for home and workstation systems that use 64-bit processors based on the x86-64 instruction set (AMD64 or Intel EM64T).
Windows XP 64-bit Edition, is a version of Windows XP intended for the Intel Itanium processor range, which maintains compatibility with 32-bit applications using software emulators. This version is the same as Windows XP Professional, in terms of its features. This product was discontinued in September 2005 when the last Itanium processor-based workstation vendor stopped its products as "workstations," because indeed they tended to focus Itanium as a server computer base.
Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2003, based on the Windows NT 5.2 code base (same as Windows Server 2003).

Windows Vista
After reaching great success with Windows XP, Microsoft did not immediately stop developing Windows. The latest version of Windows, called Windows Vista, was released on November 30, 2006 [1] for temporary business circles for home users among those released on January 30, 2007. Windows Vista was indeed designed to have more security than previous versions. , by introducing a limited user mode, called User Account Control (UAC), to replace the "administrator-by-default" philosophy that applies to Windows XP. Windows Vista also introduces a much more "attractive" graphics feature, called Windows Aero GUI, new applications (like Windows Calendar, Windows DVD Maker and several new games including Chess Titans, Mahjong, and Purble Place). In addition, Windows Vista also offers a safer version of Microsoft Internet Explorer, as well as a new version of Windows Media Player (version 11).


Windows Vista, featuring an attractive Aero graphical interface, Welcome screen and Start menu.
Windows Vista uses the version number 6.0, so there is indeed a significant version difference when compared to Windows XP using version 5.1 or Windows Server 2003 (5.2). Because, indeed Windows Vista has many fundamental differences, especially in the basic architecture of the operating system.

Windows Vista is sold in several editions:

Windows Vista Starter
Windows Vista Home Basic
Windows Vista Home Premium
Windows Vista Business
Windows Vista Enterprise
Windows Vista Ultimate

Windows 7
! Main article for this section: Windows 7
The next release after Windows Vista is Windows 7, previously known as Blackcomb and Vienna. When first released, Windows has an NT kernel version 6.1 build 7600, which is an improvement from Windows Vista where the first release had an NT 6.0 kernel build 6000. Windows 7, which was released on October 22, 2009, has new security and features, including : Jump List, Taskbar that opens programs with a small display, Windows Media Player 12, Internet Explorer 8, and others. Some unique features are Sidebars that change their name to Gadgets and are free to place everywhere on the desktop (unlike Sidebar which can only be placed in a certain place). This feature makes Windows 7 attractive. The specifications of Windows 7 are lighter and the price is also cheaper than Windows Vista.

Just like Windows Vista, Windows 7 is also available in 6 editions namely:

Windows 7 Starter
Windows 7 Home Basic
Windows 7 Home Premium
Windows 7 Professional
Windows 7 Ultimate
Windows 7 Enterprise